EBS (Elastic Block Store) Volumes:
Network drive which you can just attach to your EC2 instance (so almost like plugging in a USB flash drive into your computer where the USB flash drive is the EBS volume and your computer is the EC2 instance) and also, because it's one USB stick, you can only plug it into one computer at a time, so EBS volumes can only be mounted to one EC2 instance at a time).
Tied to only one availability zone and can only be attached to instances in the same availability zone.
They aren't actually a physical drive, they are a "network drive" so there might be some latency to communicate between the instance and the volume because it is across a network.
EBS (Elastic Block Store) Snapshots:
Basically, it's a backup of your EBS volume; simple as that. This is especially useful for using the same EBS volume across an availability zone or region because EBS volumes are only for one AZ.
EC2 Instance Store:
Basically a godlike version of EBS volumes (so much faster and higher I/O speeds and stuff) but they lose everything once the EC2 instance is stopped.
EFS (Elastic File Storage):
It's just a network file system (NFS) which can be mounted to hundreds of different EC2 instances but the instances can only be Linux instances and they can be all across a region, so different Availability Zones within the same Region.
More expensive than EBS.
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